Reconstruction Failure Essay Example For Students

Remaking Failure Essay The remaking of the south was the period during and after the Civil War where a few unique gatherings in the administration attempted to settle the monetary, political, and social issues that emerged because of the Civil War. It was a time of turmoil and bedlam. Southern whites dismissed all types of fairness and blacks needed only full opportunity and place where there is their own. This prompted successive and unavoidable uproars. Recreation endured from 1865 to 1877 and was one of the most dubious periods in the countries history. Individuals still banter its victories and disappointments. Numerous individuals accuses Reconstruction Failure Essay for dark legislative issues, calling it ;Negro government.; Even a few papers that were supportive of Reconstruction accused the dark lawmaking bodies. Foner composed, ;Amusingly, even as prejudice disappeared as an unequivocal segment of the Northern Popularity based intrigue, it increased a hang on decent Republican assessment, as a advantageous clarification for Reconstructions disappointment. Dark legislators could have been the downfall of Reconstruction. Another reason for Reconstruction could have been the Courts intercession. Foner expressed, Previously, the Court had demonstrated hesitant to intercede in Reconstruction contentions. The Bargain of 1877 between the Republicans and Democrats, happening in January of that year, was the answer for the challenged Presidential appointment of 1876 what's more, moreover stopped the time of Reconstruction following the Common War. The banks could have likewise made the disappointment of Reconstruction accelerate. The Freedmans Savings Bank went under with no cash to pay its contributors. The bank held a large number of blacks (Freedman) cash. In June 1874, with just $31,000 available to cover commitments to its 61,000 investors, the Freedmans Savings Bank suspended activities. One of the principle reasons for the disappointment of Reconstruction was the dropped costs of harvests. Numerous ranchers what's more, tenant farmers couldn't live off what they earned. The downturn caused the cost of cotton to about drop by half. A considerable lot of the principle harvests, for example, tobacco, rice, and sugar additionally declined. The downturn disturbed trade, bankrupted shippers, genuinely subverted the financial circumstance or craftsmans, and everything except wiped out possibilities for social portability among incompetent workers of the two races. Remaking disappointment thinks about the individuals of America. Presidential Reconstruction under Lincoln and Johnson shows the challenges natural in reshaping the South after the Civil War. The absence of northern vision concerning the after war South, debates among Congress and the Administration over lines of power, and the reluctance of southern whites to permit blacks any huge force in southern culture were primary reasons that Reproduction fizzled. Despite the fact that Reconstruction fizzled, in any event we attempted however a few people need to figure out how to change. Reproduction changed the lifestyle for blacks. A few changes were acceptable and a few changes made life troublesome, however generally the blacks made it out of subjection securely. Reproduction was the unique start of the Civil Rights Act. The way that African-Americans had made it so far invigorated them the to continue onward and battle for what they have confidence in. .

An evaluation of marketing strategies in international insurance companies, with a view to identifying successful strategies for future use within the industry The WritePass Journal

An assessment of showcasing methodologies in global insurance agencies, with the end goal of recognizing fruitful systems for later use inside the business Writing Review An assessment of promoting methodologies in universal insurance agencies, with the end goal of recognizing effective procedures for later use inside the business , which centers explicitly around promoting systems utilized in disaster protection organizations with a worldwide methodology, offering applicable data which can conceivably be draw upon for the motivations behind this more extensive research. In this proposed paper, the creator will look at the advertising procedures utilized by protection administrations to find out which of these promoting techniques is probably going to bring about the accomplishment of the association and the more drawn out term factors that will lead into this achievement. It was found in this examination that development was one of the key elements related with fruitful advertising procedures. By taking a gander at the different systems, for example, evaluating, promoting, improving quality control, individual selling and picture, it was contended in this exploration that advancement expected to consider the item which is being given, yet in addition the methodology taken to connecting with the business sectors. This perceives giving solid client administrations is regularly an auxiliary showcasing methodology which is effective in its own right, without fundamentally going down the extra course of promoting and drawing in with new client gatherings. Other advertising methodologies that were perceived as being fruitful in this paper incorporated the utilization of data innovation as a methods for changing the inward structure and empowering organizations to draw in with a more extensive client base without hardly lifting a finger, just as permitting the organization to build its utilization of sales’ advancements to pull in the most important clients. Essentially, in any case, this paper contends that growing new and creative thoughts, regardless of whether this be as far as the technique for advertising, or the idea of the items being offered, should be ceaselessly at the front line of the protection business, especially in the present atmosphere where associations are liable to expanded expenses, including extra administrative prerequisites. These recommendations contained inside the paper offer a fascinating purpose of conversation with the end goal of this proposed territory of research as it takes a gander at the hidd en ethos of the methodology instead of the exact technique itself. Paper 2 Another intriguing paper for the writing survey is that of Saaty, 2011, which took a gander at the advertising techniques utilized by insurance agencies in Saudi Arabia, both as far as their residential achievement and as far as making worldwide advances into new markets. This paper takes a gander at the individual methodologies being utilized inside one individual locale and by drawing on an expansive scope of essential clients that and distinguishing the components that at last urge them to connect with a specific association. Saudi Arabia is likewise observed similar to an important purview, as it is experiencing a sensational time of development and is in this manner urging associations and buyers to consider better approaches for working and drawing in with their client base. This examination took a gander at a wide assortment of protection items (not at all like the recently distinguished writing that focussed on the extra security segment as it were). Curiously, this examinati on indicated that components identifying with administrative and social issues were the destined to impact the individual choice regarding which insurance agencies would be picked by the individual purchaser. Essentially, anyway the paper additionally demonstrated worry about the general acknowledgment of the need to safeguard by any stretch of the imagination, showing that for a creating district, promoting techniques need to focus more on the nonexclusive issue related with why back up plans would be significant in any case. This presents a significant contention that a global insurance agency should consider the way that a few purviews won't really have a similar want and comprehension identifying with the advantages of protection and accordingly their showcasing techniques may should be adjusted, so as to manage this absence of comprehension. It gets clear, accordingly, that the promoting techniques should consider the manner by which the purview itself is probably going to respond to the protection advertise, completely. Targets and Importance of the Research The protection business is experiencing an emotional time of progress and advancement, with numerous associations confronting expanded expenses because of administrative weights, just as the market getting fairly soaked in the more evolved areas, especially as buyers hope to decrease their day by day spending. Considering this, the manner by which universal insurance agencies can advance and create in an undeniably serious market is the fate of specific pertinence, as the economy hopes to recoup and to more readily draw in with its client base, just as managing the changing elements inside the economy. There are likewise expanding open doors being made accessible to global association to connect with a more extensive scope of customers, regularly using data innovation which gives those extra chances and furthermore extra rivalry, consequently changing the whole powerful of showcasing for the business. The key goal of this examination is to distinguish promoting systems that a worldwide insurance agency can use to further its potential benefit while setting up itself all the more immovably inside its current ward, yet in addition recognizes procedures that are probably going to be fruitful when going into new markets. This is seen to be especially significant, because of the way that numerous worldwide organizations might be looking towards entering new purviews that have possibly more noteworthy chances; consequently, recognize advertising techniques that will empower these universal associations enter these new locales, effectively, is a key goal of this general research proposition. The main target will be to investigate the difficulties being looked by worldwide insurance agencies, with explicit reference to circumstances that may introduce themselves to expand the income base and to enter new markets as a methods for get-together new clients. This will at that point empower the exploration to proceed to take a gander at the business systems and promoting methodologies which might be proper for accomplishing this point and taking a gander at the general benefits of different various techniques, from the consumer’s perspective. By taking a gander at different various techniques that might be utilized by an insurance agency and recognizing the requests of the exact market that is being focused on, it is foreseen that a reasonable system would then be able to be recommended for universal insurance agencies, later on. Information Collection Methods Promoting, by its very definition, includes drawing in and urging clients to become (or to be sure stay as) clients. Along these lines, it is recommended that the most suitable technique for social event data is through essential research, concentrating on reviews (polls) and meetings with protection clients. Overviews can be conveyed to an a lot more extensive scope of people, empowering the analyst to gather a lot of information in a moderately short space of time and with generally little expense. This will empower quantitative investigation through SPSS or exceed expectations as fitting to offer graphical portrayal. Nonetheless, studies can conceivably make troubles with regards to increasing full answers, as people will be urged to give a response to a particular inquiry raised dependent on the arrangement of answers gave which could possibly completely mirror the sentiments of the purchaser. By urging the respondent to choose the â€Å"best fit†, this might be an uncalle d for impression of the circumstance and could bring about key discoveries going unidentified. It is consequently that meetings will be embraced close by the overviews, to take into consideration a more prominent investigation of key issues and to permit respondents to voice their assessments all the more completely and unreservedly. This technique will enhance the review, yet can be hard to create speculations, as every individual is probably going to react somewhat in an unexpected way, along these lines making it harder to examine the outcomes in a quantitative way. By joining the two methodologies, it is normal that a more noteworthy comprehension of customer dynamic can be found out. It would then be able to be utilized so as to meet the general target of this examination. Moral Implications of the Research Care should be taken when undertaking this exploration because of the way that the examination includes gathering a lot of information from people. This implies thought should be offered with respect to how close to home information will be made sure about, to guarantee that obscurity will be kept up all through. Any worries in such manner could bring about off base outcomes. Besides, any meetings with protection officials should be attempted with obscurity ensured, as people working inside the protection business might be hesitant to give open and straight to the point conversations, if there are any worries that the data being given will be made open, as this could risk their drawn out profession. Eventually, this will affect on the precision of the data that will be given. This is especially important inside the protection business which is confronting expanding difficulties and is consequently possibly going to make challenges for those hoping to advance their professions. Consid ering this, obscurity and security should be guaranteed to all respondents. References Saaty, A. (2011). Components Critical in Marketing Strategies of Insurance Companies in Saudi Arabia. Worldwide Journal of Marketing Strategies Vol. 3. Issue 3. Shameem, B., and G

On the Nature of Evil Comparing the Villains of Spenser and Tolkien - Literature Essay Samples

Despite the wide range of worlds occupied by different fantasy series, a universal theme of the genre is the presence of evil forces working in opposition to a band of heroes. Most often the band of heroes is embarking on a quest to vanquish evil and naturally said evil forces are trying to stop them. No different are the fantasy works of Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene and J.R.R Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings. Both sagas feature villainous sorcerers operating in direct opposition to the heroes: Spenser’s Archimago, an old sorcerer, and Tolkien’s Saruman, the onetime head of the Wizarding Council. But despite this parallel, the two authors create characters who drastically differ in methods and motivation, revealing the fundamental difference in how Spenser and Tolkien view the nature and influence of evil. For Spenser, evil is the absence of righteousness and a rejection of religious obedience, whereas Tolkien views evil as the corrupting influence of power and selfishness which originates from within. Examining how the authors write their villains and understanding the context in which they wrote provides evidence for their respective interpretations on the nature of evil. Archimago is one of the principal villains in Spenser’s The Faerie Queene. He is a master of deception and disguises, relying on his magic to seduce others away from the straight and narrow path by manipulating emotions and reason. The allure of his brand of evil is to forsake Godliness and religious obedience, instead giving in to indulgence. We meet him in the first canto, at which point he immediately starts causing trouble for the band of heroes, consisting of Redcrosse the knight, Una the Lady, and a dwarf. The resulting trickery exemplifies Archimago’s character and methods. First, he attempts to disturb the integrity of the trio by tempting the chastity of Redcrosse with a lusty dream from Morpheus, God of dreams, and a sprite-imitation of Una: â€Å"Who all this while with charmes and hidden artes, Had made a Lady of that other Spright, And fram’d of liquid ayre her tender partes So lively and so like in all mens sight, That weaker sence it could have ravish quight: The maker selfe for all his wondrous witt, Was nigh beguiled with so goodly sight: Her all in white he clad, and over it Cast a black stole, most like to seem for Una fit.† (Canto 1, p19-20) This Una-imitation will go on to try and tempt Redcrosse to sleep with her, thereby dishonoring his chastity. Note that Archimago does not rely on convincing arguments for his purposes, but instead relies on â€Å"charmes and hidden artes† i.e. his magic. Granted, the imitation-Una tries to talk Redcrosse into fornication, but since she is a conjured faà §ade, we can argue that she is merely an extension of Archimago’s magic. This is a prime example of Archimago using his magic to manipulate existing feelings in his targets, such as the lustiness he has instilled in Redcrosse via Morpheus’s dream. It is also interesting to note that Archimago targets chastity with his deception. Chastity was one the most valued rules in the Christian practice in Spenser’s time period, providing evidence that Spenser believed evil to mainly be rooted in disobedience to God’s law. However, Redcrosse proves to be too staunch in his obedience to the chivalrous knight’s order and the law of chastity. In his next showing of deception, Archimago manipulates Redcrosse’s strict obedience to divide the heroic trio by taking the imitation-Una and another sprite disguised as a young squire and placing them â€Å"in a secrete bed, Covered with darkenes and misdeeming night, Them both together laid, to joy in vaine delight† (Canto 2, p.24). This time the ruse is successful and Redcrosse abandons Una in anger. Again, Archimago did not need to use persuasive arguments, but instead relied on his magic to accomplish is evil objectives. Archimago’s methods are in stark contrast to those employed by Saruman, as seen in the latter’s attempt to persuade Gandalf to join him. Gandalf has ridden to Saruman’s home, Isengard, in search for answers and wisdom to the rumors of the nine ring-wraiths and what to do with the Ring of Power. However, it soon becomes apparent that Saruman has abandoned the good side in favor of the rising evil forces and is intent on Gandalf joining him. The resulting encounter is remarkably more tamed than in Peter Jackson’s film adaption, where there is a great battle of magical strength involving mighty staffs and spinning wizards. Instead, the written scene does not involve any use of magic, such as Archimago might use, but rather a speech by Saruman. He opts to persuade Gandalf with an intellectual argument: â€Å"The time of the Elves is over, but our time is at hand: the world of Men, which we must rule. But we must have power, power to order all things as we will, for that good which only the Wise can see† (p.259). The power Saruman is referring to is the might of Sauron in Mordor. Sauron represents absolute evil, but Saruman is more interesting in that his brand of evil is more seductive and subtle. Saruman’s speech to Gandalf boils down to the classic argument that the ends justify the means: â€Å"the Wise, such as you and I, may with patience come at last to direct its courses, to control it. We can bide our time, we can keep our thoughts in our hearts, deploring maybe evils done by the way, but approving the high and ultimate purpose: Knowledge, Rule, Order; all the things that we have so far striven in vain to accomplish, hindered rather than helped by our weak or idle friends. There need not be, there would not be, any real change in our designs, only in our means† (p.259). He proposes that by riding the coattails of Sauron, a far easier strategy than fighting Sauron, they can eventually control his power and achieve an ultimate purpose of knowledge, rule, and order. This seductive argument for gaining power is repeated later in the series, first by Galadriel and then by Boromir when he attempts to take the Ring from Frodo. It can even be found in other series outside of the Lord of the Rings universe, as in Star Wars when Darth Vader attempts to persuade Luke to join him in overthrowing the Sith Lord to rule over the galaxy or also in the Harry Potter series, when Grindelwald tries to persuade a young Dumbledore into setting up a Magician’s empire over muggles. In all cases, the approach is to appeal to the intellectual side to rationalize evil deeds. As Saruman tells Gandalf, â€Å"We may join with that Power. It would be wise, Gandalf† (p.259). This brand of evil does not deceive with magical illusion, like Archimago’s methods, but rather through rationalizing the pursuit of power for a greater good. By tapping into the natural selfish desire for power, evil can cause even those who initially stand for good to be misled into darker paths. Tolkien portrays a far more sinister version evil that is able to harness inner desires in other wise good characters to accomplish nefarious purposes. This seduction of power is far more nuanced and imitative of real life than Archimago’s magical deceptive methods. This difference in Archimago and Saruman’s methods can be traced back to the motivational factors for each of the sorcerers. Combing through the first four cantos of The Faerie Queene does not reveal any immediate motivator for Archimago’s trickery. When the heroic trio happen upon his abode, he seems to merely delight in meddling with their affairs by going to extreme ends, such as sending sprites to Morpheus and going through the trouble of conjuring up fake Una’s. Spenser does not provide us with any backstory to Archimago nor is there a rehearsed speech as in Saruman’s case to clue readers in to his objectives. Looking at the results of Archimago’s trickery, one could infer that he desires Una for himself. This would explain why he is so intent on driving Redcrosse away from Una. Further support for this can be found when Archimago disguises himself as Redcrosse to trick Una into thinking she has been reunited with her companion: â€Å"But now seemed best, the person to put on Of that good knight, his late beguiled guest†¦And when he sate upon his courser free, Saint George himselfe ye would have deemed him to be† (Canto 1, p.26). Choosing Redcrosse as his disguise must have been a deliberate choice, so perhaps Archimago harbored some jealousy against the knight when he beheld Una. This choice would have been reinforced when Una was almost overly ecstatic to have found Redcrosse supposedly. While this explanation might be plausible, a stronger argument can be made that Archimago as a character is far more symbolic in nature than the dynamic player that is Saruman. Archimago seems to serve more as a generic tempter’s snare rather than a nuanced villain. His trickery with Redcrosse indicates that his main goal is to get the hero to fall by the wayside in sin. This supports Spenser’s interpretation of the nature of evil as a rejection of righteousness and its allure as mainly temptation for indulgence, which in this case is the breaking of the law of chastity. Understanding the context in which Spenser wrote The Faerie Queene provides us with further insight into Archimago’s symbolism and purpose in the text. Spenser wrote this series in the late sixteenth century, after the Protestant Reformation had swept through England. The smattering of not-so-thinly-veiled references to the Catholic Church throughout the first few cantos indicate one of the main purposes of at least the first book, which is to criticize Catholicism and praise the virtues of Protestantism. When we are first introduced to Archimago, he is described as wearing â€Å"long blacke weedes† and on â€Å"his belt his booke he hanging had† and â€Å"all the way he prayed as he went, And often knockt his brest, as one that did repent† (Canto 1, p.14). As seen in the footnotes, these descriptions are attributes of a Roman Catholic clerical. It is also interesting to note that Una is a modification of the latin word â€Å"unus,† which means unit y and truth while the red cross that Redcrosse is name for is a symbol of the Anglican church. With this in mind, one could interpret Archimago as Catholicism trying to separate truth from the Anglican church. This provides another take on Spenser’s view on evil as being the absence of truth or Godliness. While Archimago is more of a static character of a symbolic nature, Saruman’s motivations are more easily defined. He selfishly desires power for himself, which he tries to disguise as concern for the common good and as something he would share: â€Å"Why not? The Ruling Ring? If we could command that, then the Power would pass to us.† But, as Gandalf replies, â€Å"only one hand at a time can wield the One, and you know that well, so do not trouble to say we!† (p.260) The main motivator of Saruman’s sort of evil is to gain power, an end for which all deeds can be rationalized. This gives readers a sense of Tolkien’s interpretation of the nature of evil. Saruman was once the head of the wizarding council and proponent of good, fighting off Sauron many a time. Tolkien uses Saruman’s betrayal to show that evil does not simply exist as an Other, but rather has roots even in the best of us. It preys on the selfish desires for power that inhabit all people and parades under the pretense of righteous control to rationalize evil deeds. This is the very nature of the Ring of Power; it feeds on existing selfishness and paranoia within characters, blooming into monstrosity. It helps to remember that Tolkien published The Lord of the Rings in 1955, when the memory of World War II’s atrocities was still fresh in public memory. The ease with which ordinary citizens condoned and even committed heinous crimes against humanity must have had a significant influence on Tolkien in his treatment of evil in this series, especially having fought in World War I and lived through World War II. To Tolkien, evil was not a shadowy figure foreign to man, but rather a shadow that continually exists within. The portrayal of Saruman and Archimago reflect the interpretations of the nature of evil by Tolkien and Spenser, respectively. Spenser seems to support a black-and-white version of good versus evil, in that there isn’t a persuasive argument to be made for evil. Instead magic and deception are required to get heroes to turn away from good. Additionally, since Archimago lacks convincing motivation for his evil deeds (besides just wanting to watch the world burn), this supports the interpretation that Spenser views evil as a force whose mere existence is motivation enough for its nefarious actions. On the other hand, Tolkien views evil as a force that comes from within people and is allowed to nourish when characters prioritize selfish desires over everything else. This interpretation is found in the corruptive manner the desire for power – as embodied by the Ring – has on Bilbo, Frodo, Galadriel, Boromir, and especially Saruman. Understanding how Spenser and Tolkie n view evil not only enriches readings of the respective texts, but also allows readers to heed the parallels and warnings the authors wish to impart for their own world.

Material Possessions Does Not Being Happiness - 1010 Words

Do material possessions—money, property, jewelry, clothing—make people truly happy? Does it have a permanent positive impact? There is an accurate and well known saying that, Money cannot buy happiness. In this modernized world material possessions—including money, wealth, jewelry, and housing—is more a part of necessity for daily living rather than happiness. People can argue any method, whether material possessions result in true happiness or not. However, if one wants permanent happiness then they don’t need to waste money on material goods. Yes, some people can gain happiness by buying items they have always wanted, but that happiness usually lasts for a few days, after that it is lost and the item is forgotten. True happiness is something that is permanent and cannot be achieved through material possessions; the pleasure and excitement gained from materials only last a short amount of time and cannot make one permanently happy. Can materials tr uly result into happiness for one? Henry David Thoreau, an American author and poet, proved his believes that materials mean nothing and are a waste of time and money. He demonstrates his point by stating, â€Å"But men labor under a mistake....by a seeming fate, commonly called necessity...laying up treasures...thieves break through and steal. It is a fool’s life...they will find when they get to the end of it, if not before. (854)† This establishes the fact that Thoreau believes that spending money on materials or necessities isShow MoreRelatedHappiness Is Not Free State Of Mind814 Words   |  4 Pagesbriefly explain what happiness is. Happiness: For some, it is simply being able to live freely and do whatever they want, without having any restrictions that may prevent them from doing so, whether it be money or other restraints. For others, happiness is also merely an elusive, worry-free state of mind. On the other hand, for different individuals, the meaning of ha ppiness varies. For instance, for an individual who has been starving for days, receiving a piece of food is happiness. By answering thisRead MoreEssay about Material Possessions - The Path To Happiness?1048 Words   |  5 Pagessupports the assertion that money cannot buy happiness. Although this idea is very popular, could it be proven wrong? It seems only natural that happiness should flow from having more money. Could material possessions actually increase the happiness of a person? In his essay titled On Dumpster Diving, Lars Eighner discusses his experience of being homeless and having to resort to living off of other peoples unwanted possessions to survive. Some material things are white elephants that eat upRead MoreMaterialism : Origins And Implications For Personal Well Being By Aaron Ahuvia1256 Words   |  6 Pagesis preoccupied with purchasing and showing off physical possessions that are mostly non essential. 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In practicing asceticism, however, a follower of Jesus is faced with the decision between two separate Christian lifestyles:Read Mo re~*Windflower by Gabrielle Roy*~ This will explain one of the themes in this novel: imprisonment of possessions. It will relate to the whole story and several other sources to express my opinion.1653 Words   |  7 Pagesto these material necessities which enslaves her and changes her judgement about her preferences in life. Even though, she tries to find a middle point between her culture and the white culture shes constantly being possessed by materialism and this eventually shaped her as she matured with the time. Materialism refers to the importance people attach to worldly possessions... If worldly possessions are viewed as a part of the self, it follows that an unintentional loss of possessions should beRead MoreHow Should Wealth Be Defined?1419 Words   |  6 Pagesconsidered accurate? 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Bradbury believes that if families get so caught up with their money and possessions, it could tear apart a family. ThroughRead MoreFiction Essay- the Relationship Between Mo ney and Happiness781 Words   |  4 PagesThe Relationship between Money and Happiness In our society, people often put great emphasis on materials and possessions. Many believe that having more money would make them happier in life; but does money really provide true happiness? Having the money to provide food, clothing, and shelter is essential for everyone’s well-being and happiness, but after those basic needs are fulfilled more money just offers materials not necessarily happiness. According to D.H. Lawrence, authorRead MoreMaterialism in Society Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pagesnature for people to desire material possessions. Our material yearnings are an attempt to satisfy are need to special and wanted. In a world where most of society defines socially acceptable as the material possessions one owns such as, the latest clothing, the biggest house, or the fastest car one comes to believe that you need all of these things to be viewed as a part of society. For many, work has taken over community life and has had a major effect on happiness. Advertising has also becomeRead MoreCan Money Buy Happiness? Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesThere is More Than One Path to Happiness (2D) Growing up in a family where both my parents came from poor immigrant backgrounds always made financial success a priority and when there was no need to be frugal, my parents did seem happier. But did money buy my parents’ happiness or did money lead to their happiness? Ed Diener and Robert Biswas-Diener attempt to answer that question in their excerpt â€Å"Can Money Buy Happiness,† where they claim that â€Å"[m]oney can be a help in attaining psychological

What Caused the Economic Collapse of 2008 - 1085 Words

Anthony Smith Dominique Dieffenbach ENC1102 – English Composition II 7 February 2012 Who is to Blame for the Economic Crash of 2008? Throughout history there has always been some sort of a class struggle. The rich always seemed to get richer while the poor barely managed to get by. One of the main things that contributed to the ever-expanding gap between the rich and the poor was greed. Whether it was the greed for money or for power, greed was certainly a driving force. More recently, the greed of several, rich and powerful individuals helped to cause one of the largest financial collapses of modern times. The purpose of this paper is to establish some of the key players in the economic crash of 2008, and to show some common†¦show more content†¦Sadly, this would not be the case. Later in his Presidency, Ronald Reagan would appoint Alan Greenspan to head the Federal Reserve Bank. Greenspan, an economist, had previously sent a letter to government regulators to help convince them of the â€Å"soundness† of the savings and loan industry and its need to be de-regulated. He was paid $40,000 by a top executive of the savings and loan industry, Charles Keating, for his work in convincing the regulators to de-regulate the savings and loan industry. After the collapse of the savings and loan industry, many top executives were arrested and sent to prison for looting their companies, Charles Keating was one of the main criminals that were sent to prison. (Ferguson 15:35) Works Cited Blumberg, Alex, dir. â€Å"The Giant Pool of Money – Episode 355.† Dir. Davidson Adam, This American Life. NPR News: WBEZ, Chicago, 09 May 2008 Radio. Ferguson, Charles, dir. Inside Job. Prod. Marrs Audrey. Sony Pictures Classics, 2010. DVD. Levin, Carl, and Tom Coburn. United States. United States Senate. Wall Street and the Financial Crisis: Anatomy of a Financial Collapse. Washington: Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, 2010. Who is to Blame for the Economic Crash of 2008: An Annotated Bibliography Blumberg, Alex, dir. â€Å"The Giant Pool of Money – Episode 355.† Dir. Davidson Adam, This American Life. NPR News: WBEZ,Show MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Corporate Greed1287 Words   |  6 Pagesskewed for dramatic effect?† The Big Short tells the story of the financial crisis of 2008 and tackles the issue of corporate greed in the form of the true stories of a few men who saw the crisis coming. The issue is not overblown at all. This can be observed by simply looking to the devastation and chaos caused by banks trying to make money by preying on the poor and un-informed in the years following 2008. Most of us are old enough to remember the mind-numbingly large number of people thatRead MoreA Report On The Foreclosure Crisis1207 Words   |  5 PagesGreat Recession of 2008. 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Air Pollution in Malaysia free essay sample

In the fourteenth and fifteenth century, British tax assessors used ownership or occupancy of property to estimate a taxpayer’s ability to pay. In time the tax came to be regarded as a tax on the property itself. In the United Kingdom the tax developed into a system of rates based on the annual (rental) value of property. The growth of the property tax in America was closely related to economic and political conditions on the frontier. In pre-commercial agricultural areas the property tax was a feasible source of local government revenue and equal taxation of wealth was consistent with the prevailing equalitarian ideology. When the Revolutionary War began, the colonies had well-developed tax systems that made a war against the world’s leading military power thinkable. The tax structure varied from colony to colony, but five kinds of taxes were widely used. Capitation (poll) taxes were levied at a fixed rate on all adult males and sometimes on slaves. We will write a custom essay sample on Air Pollution in Malaysia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Property taxes were usually specific taxes levied at fixed rates on enumerated items, but sometimes items were taxed according to value. Faculty taxes were levied on the faculty or earning capacity of persons following certain trades or having certain skills. Tariffs (imposts) were levied on goods imported or exported and excises were levied on consumption goods, especially liquor. -1- During the war colonial tax rates increased several fold and taxation became a matter of heated debate and some violence. Settlers far from markets complained that taxing land on a per-acre basis was unfair and demanded that property taxation be based on value. In the southern colonies light land taxes and heavy poll taxes favored wealthy landowners. In some cases, changes in the tax system caused the wealthy to complain. In New York wealthy leaders saw the excess profits tax, which had been levied on war profits, as a dangerous example of leveling tendencies. Owners of intangible property in New Jersey saw the tax on intangible property in a similar light. By the end of the war, it was obvious that the concept of equality so eloquently stated in the Declaration of Independence had far-reaching implications. Wealthy leaders and ordinary men pondered the meaning of equality and asked its implications for taxation. The leaders often saw little connection among independence, political equality, and the tax system, but many ordinary men saw an opportunity to demand changes. MALAYSIA TAXATION The property tax is a compulsory contribution to be paid by the taxpayer, where the taxpayer in return will receive benefits from the local authorities in the form of tangible and intangible services, community facilities, infrastructures and development projects for their enjoyment . In the context of property tax, enforcement of the tax is intended as a tool to drive the development of areas administered by local authorities. Property tax imposed on the taxpayer is given back by local authorities in the form of services in their respective administrative areas. The imposition of property tax is related to the role of local authorities in developing the area and providing the necessary services and facilities. According to Section 127 to section 163 of the Local Government Act 1976, local authorities are empowered to impose property tax on property owners to carry out the functions and roles of local authorities as an organization which has autonomy over the local populace. The local authorities should ensure that the management of tax collection can be implemented effectively in the development process and services provided appropriately . -2- Local authorities have important responsibilities in carrying out their functions and roles, especially in property tax management to ensure the welfare and amenity of residents can be realized. If the local authority is weak and incompetent in handling the management of the property tax it would certainly affect the results of tax collection which is to be used as financing development projects and services provided. In addition, the arrears in property taxes will increase due to poor management and will burden the local authorities. This will have an impact on the quality of work and services performed. The prevalent issue of lower tax revenue in local authorities throughout the country continues to pose a very serious predicament. Complete procedures which have been established in the provisions of the Act will guide local authorities in managing the property tax but the property tax collection performance is still under unsatisfactory level. For example, according to the Economic Report of the Ministry of Finance, revenue of the collection performance in local authorities throughout the country showed a worrying decline in the rate of decrease of 11. 7% recorded in 2007 and 0. 3% in 2008. The implications of the tax reduction has resulted in a deficit spending of RM75 million and RM1,179 million in 2007 and 2008 due to the higher prevailing costs. Collection of property tax revenue statistics generally show the majority of Malaysian local authorities collect property tax of less than 70% of the total taxable amount, while for the collection of property tax arrears show only within 30%-50%. As an example, local authorities in the state of Johor and Kuala Lumpur City Hall (Dewan Bandar Raya Kuala Lumpur, DBKL) showed that the amount of property tax arrears recorded amounted to about RM168 million and RM435 million in 2009 and this is certainly an issue of concern. This depicts the overall situation of property tax performance of local authorities in Malaysia which is in a poor condition and has not reach a satisfactory level, where the country’s agenda has set the target and vision to encompass about 70% of communities in Malaysia will be living in municipal areas in the year of 2020. -3- TYPES OF PROPERTY TAX IN MALAYSIA Tax on property was introduced in 1974 under the Land Speculation Tax Act. This was subsequently replaced with the Real Property Gains Tax Act in November 1975. Although in existence since the mid-70s, the Government pro-actively adjusted the rates of the RPGT through the years to cater to the property market conditions. It’s natural for most people to react to the reintroduction of RPGT, having enjoyed full exemption for a few years previously, however, compared to the original rates of RPGT which range up to 30%, the recent hike of up to 10% is actually quite mild. There are several types of property tax in Malaysia and they are as follows . A) Assessment tax B) Quit rent C) Capital gain tax D) Inheritance tax E) Others tax A) ASSESSMENT TAX : Assessment tax is a type of local tax which is only applicable on the residential property. Rate of assessment tax is based on the yearly rental amount of the property on rent. This tax is assessed by the local authorities. Rules and regulations of the assessment tax are as follows : Usually assessment tax has a flat value of 6%. This assessment tax is to be paid in two installments. The scope of taxation are for a resident individual is assessable on income derived from sources in Malaysia and income received in Malaysia from outside Malaysia. W. e. f. Y/A 2004 income remitted into Malaysia from overseas by a resident individual, a trust body, a cooperative and a Hindu Joint Family is exempted from income tax. Second, for non-resident individual is assessable only on income derived from sources in Malaysia. -4- Third, for a resident company is assessable on income derived from Malaysia and ncome remitted to Malaysia from sources outside Malaysia. Starting Year of Assessment 1995 onwards only income derived from Malaysia are taxable. Banking, insurance, shipping and air transport businesses are taxed on world income scope. The Imputation Systems is applicable. Fourth, for a non-resident company is liable to Malaysian tax when it carries on a business through a permanent establishment in Malaysia and is assessable on income derived only from sources within Malay sia. There have two types of resident status : ) First, the resident status of individuals : For tax purposes, the tax residence status is determined by the duration of stay in Malaysia, and is not bound by reference to the nationality or citizenship. If a person stays in Malaysia for at least 182 days (not necessarily consecutive) in a calendar year, he would be treated as a resident. However, there are other conditions where the individual can be treated as a resident even if he stays for less than 182 days. An individual is resident in Malaysia in the basis year of assessment if he: is in Malaysia for not less than 182 days in the relevant basis year, is in Malaysia for a period of less than 182 days in the basis year and that period is linked to another period where he is continuously in Malaysia for not less than 182 days immediately before or after the relevant basis year. Where temporary absence occur, the period of temporary absence can be taken to form part of such period, where he is in Malaysia, immediately prior to or after the temporary absence, -5- is in Malaysia for not less than 90 days (need not be consecutive) in the asis year and is resident or has been in Malaysia for 90 days or more in 3 out of the 4 preceding years of assessment; or has not been in Malaysia in the relevant basis year but he is deemed to be resident in Malaysia in the relevant basis year if he is resident in Malaysia in the following basis year and also in the each of the 3 basis year immediately preceding the relevant basis year . Example 1: Resident Status John arrived in Malaysia on 1. 4. 2003 and stayed on until 15. 11. 2003 (total 229 days). Hence, John is resident for the year of assessment 2003 since he stayed in Malaysia for more than 182 days in the year 2003. ) Second, the resident status of companies : A company is deemed to be resident if at any time during a basis year for a Year of Assessment, the management and control of its business is exercised in Mala ysia. -6- B) QUIT RENT : Quit rent is also a type of local tax. Quit rent tax in imposes on all types of landed properties. This tax is payable annually. The rate of quit tax is 0. 003 to 0. 006 US dollars per square foot. Liability of this quit rent tax is usually figures less than 31 US dollars . Stamp duty for the transfer of the real property of RM 250,000 value is now halved. This new benefit on stamp duties was allowed on the 2008 budget. Stamp duty tax is one of the important Malaysia property taxes applicable within the country. For comparison, the stamp duties within the year 2007 and 2008 are given bellow. PRICE STAMP RM 250,000 RM 150,000 RM 350,000 STAMP DUTY IN 2007 RM 4,500 RM 2,000 RM 6,000 STAMP DUTY IN 2008 RM 2,250 (-50%) RM 1,000 (-50%) RM 6,000 (UNCHANGED) C) CAPITAL GAIN TAX : Capital gains tax is not applicable any type of income. Capital Gains tax was abolished on first April 2007. This relaxation also includes Malaysia real estate capital gains tax on all types of properties. Previously Capital Gains Tax was called Real Property Gains Tax and was applicable on the foreigners only. These Capital Gains Taxes had a direct value of 30% on all the income gains due to disposal of the property during period of five years. In this way RPGT becomes 5% thereafter. The 2012 Budget unveiled on 7 October 2011 included a revision of the Real -7- Property Gains Tax (RPGT) rate from the 5% to 10% as part of the Government’s efforts to curb property speculation. The increase was recently gazetted and took effect from 1 January 2012 onwards. Jennifer Chang studies the impact of this move on property purchasers. The rate of 10% applies to gains on properties held and disposed within two years while gains on properties held and disposed between two and five years will be levied a 5% RPGT rate and disposals after five years continue to be exempted from RPGT. RPGT is a form of capital gains tax that is chargeable on gains arising from the disposal of real property, which is defined as: †¢ Any land situated in Malaysia and any interest, option or other right in or over such land; †¢ Shares in a real property company. Anyone disposing of real property in Malaysia whether a resident or non-resident will be charged RPGT on the gains. D) INHERITANCE TAX Inheritance Tax is not assigned in Malaysia. E) OTHER TAXES VAT tax is not charged in Malaysia. On the other hand, government sale tax is charged. The value of 5% GST is assigned on all the hotel and restaurant bills. GST is also charged on other professional bills including lawyer’s bills. -8- INCOME CHARGEABLE TO TAX : ? Gains or profits from a business for whatever period of time carried on. ? Gains or profits from an employment. ? Dividends, Interests or Discounts. Rents, Royalties or Premiums. ? Pensions, annuities or other periodical payments not falling under any of the foregoing paragraphs. ? Gains or profits not falling under any of the foregoing paragraphs. ? Special classes of income. TAX EXEMPTIONS FOR INDIVIDUALS 1. Leave passages within Malaysia not exceeding three times on a year and one leave passage outside Malaysia not excee ding RM3000 2. Medical and dental benefit. 3. Retirement gratuity The full amount of gratuity received by an employee on retirement from employment is exempt if: i. He retires due to ill health; ii. He is an employee in the public sector who has opted for optional retirement or on termination of a contract of employment; or iii. If he retires at the age of 55 or at the compulsory age of retirement under any written law provided that he has been in the service of the same employer or with companies in the same group, for at least 10 years -9- 4. Compensation For loss Of Employment Compensation payment received by an employee for the loss of employment is exempt from tax at a sum of RM6, 000 per completed year of service with the same employer or with companies in the same group. However, the compensation payment received by an employee will be fully exempted from tax if the loss of employment is due to ill health. The tax exemption of RM6,000 per completed year of service is not given in respect of the compensation received by a director (not being a service director) of a controlled company. 5. Pensions Pensions received by an individual are exempt under the following conditions: I. He retires at the age of 55 or at the compulsory age of retirement under any written law; or II. He retires due to ill health For an employee in the public sector who elects for optional retirement, his pension will be taxed until he attains the age of 55 or the compulsory age of retirement under any written law. Where an individual receives more than one pension, the exemption is restricted to the highest pension received by him 6. Death gratuities. 7. Scholarships. 8. Income of an individual resident in Malaysia in respect of his appearances in cultural performances approved by the Minister. 10 9. Interests An individual resident in Malaysia is exempt from tax in espect of the interest received from the following savings or investments:- i. Interest that accrues in respect of any savings deposited with Bank Simpanan Nasional (BSN). ii. Interest or bonus which accrues in respect of money deposited with Bank Simpanan Nasional under the Save as You Earn scheme. iii. Interest which accrues on savings deposits of up to RM100, 000 with a registered cooperative society, Bank Pertan ian Malaysia, Malaysia Building Society Berhad, Borneo Housing Mortgage Finance Bhd, or with any other institution approved by the Minister of Finance. v. Bonus which accrues in respect of money deposits in any savings account with Lembaga Tabung Haji. v. Interest which accrues on savings deposits of up to RM100,000 with a bank or finance company licensed under the Banking and Financial Institutions Act 1989 (BAFIA 1989). vi. Interest which accrues in respect of any fixed deposits account (including negotiable certificates of deposits) of up to RM100,000 for a period not exceeding twelve months with Bank Pertanian Malaysia, Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Malaysia Bhg. Bank Simpanan Nasional, Borneo Housing Mortgage Finance Bhd. , Malaysia Building Society Bhd. , or a Bank of finance company licensed under BAFIA 1989. 11 vii. Interest which accrues in respect of any fixed deposit account (including negotiable certificates of deposits) for a period exceeding twelve months with Bank Pertanian Malaysia, Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Malaysia Bhd. , Bank Simpanan Nasional, Borneo Housing Mortgage Finance Bhd. , Malaysia Building Society Bhd. , or a bank or finance company licensed under BAFIA 1989. viii. Gains or profits which accrues on deposits of up to RM100,000 in respect of money deposited in any savings account under the interest-Free Banking Scheme (IFBS) with a bank or finance company licensed under BAFIA 1989 or the Islamic Banking Act 1983, Bank Kerjasama Rakyat and Bank Simpanan Nasional. ix. Gains or profits which accrues in respects of money deposited in any investment account of up to RM100,000 for a period not exceeding twelve months with a bank or finance company licensed under BAFIA 1989 or the Islamic Banking Act 1983, Bank Kerjasama Rakyat and Bank Simpanan Nasional. x. Gains or profits which accrue in respect of money deposited in any investment account for a period of twelve month of more under the interest Free Banking Scheme with a bank or finance company licensed under BAFIA 1989 or the Islamic Banking Act 1983. xi. Gains or profits which accrue in respect of money deposits in any investment account under the interest Free Banking Scheme of up to RM100,000for a period of twelve months or more with Bank Kerjasama Rakyat and Bank Simpanan Nasional. 12 xii. Interest from securities or bonds issued or guaranteed by the Malaysian Government. xiii. Interest from debenture (other than convertible loan stock) approved by the Securities Commission. xiv. Interest earned from Bon Simpanan Malaysia issued by the Bank Negara Malaysia. xv. Interest earned from the Merdeka Bonds issued by the Bank Negara Malaysia (effective year of assessment 2004). xvi. Interest earned from a unit trust which is derived from Malaysia and paid or credited by any bank or financial institution licensed under the Banking and Financial Institution Act 1989 (BAFIA 1989) or the Islamic Banking Act 1983. 10. Dividends The following dividends are exempt formed tax: I. Dividends received from exempt accounts of companies. II. Dividends received from cooperative societies. III. Dividends received from a unit trust approved by the Minister of Finance such as Amanah Saham Bumiputra. IV. Dividends received from a unit trust approved by the Minister of Finance where 90% or more of the investment is in government securities. 13 11. Royalties An individual resident in Malaysia is exempt from tax in respect of royalties are as follows: Types of Services/ Amount per annum art works payment for to be exempted (RM) i. Artistic work (other than original paintings) 6,000 ii. Recording discs or tapes 6,000 iii. Translation upon request by any agency a) of the Ministry of Education or Attomey b) General Chambers 12,000 iv. Literary work or original painting 20,000 v. Musical composition 20,000 vi. Cultural performances Approval by Minister However, the exemption does not apply to paragraph (iii), (v) and (vi), if the payment received forms part of his emoluments in the exercise of the individuals official duties. 12. Income Remitted from Outside Malaysia With effect from the year of assessment 2004, income derived from outside Malaysia and received in Malaysia by resident individual is exempted from tax. 3. Fees or Honorarium for Expert Services With effect from the year of assessment 2004, fees or honorarium received by an individual in respect of services provided for purposes of validation, moderation or accreditation of franchised education programs in higher educational institutions is exempted. The services provided by an individual concerned have to be verified and acknowledged by the Lembaga Akreditasi Negara (LAN). However, the exemption does not apply if the payment received forms part of his emoluments in the exercise of his official duties. 14 14. Income Derived from Research Findings With effect from the year of assessment 2004, income received by an individual from the commercialization of the scientific research finding is given tax exemption of 50% on the statutory income in the basis year for a year of assessment for 5 years from the date the payment is made. The individual scientist who received the said payment must be a citizen and a resident in Malaysia. The commercialized research findings must be verified by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. NOTIFICATION OF CHARGEABILITY TO TAX If an individual is taxable and has never received any income tax return form before, he has a duty to notify chargeability to the nearest LHDNM office and request for an Income Tax Return Form. If an individual already has an income tax file but has not receive an income tax return form by 31st March, he must immediately request for the said form from the LHDNM office which issued his last income tax return form. A taxpayer could also download an income tax return form from the LHDNM website http://www. hasil. rg. my. He must then complete and submit the return to the LHDNM office using the address where his income tax file is situated. In the case of a foreigner employed in this country he must give notice of chargeability to the nearest LHDNM office within 2 months of arrival in Malaysia. 15 FILING OF TAX RETURN The completed and signed Income Tax Return is substituted to LHDNM office before or by the required date, and the completed tax retu rn should be sent to the address of LHDNM office indicated on the said form. NON-RESIDENT CITIZEN RELIEF 1. Non-Resident Citizen Relief shall be allowed to an individual who is a citizen but not resident for the basis year for a year of assessment by reason of his employment (in the public services or the services of a statutory authority) which is exercised outside Malaysia 2. An individual who is claiming relief under this provision, should make his claim in the prescribed form and should furnish such further particulars as may be required by the LHDNM. TEMPORARY VISITORS PROFESSIONAL VISIT PASS All non-residents entering Malaysia using professional visit passes (excluding public entertainers) are categorized as temporary visitors. A sponsor for a temporary visitor is required to submit a letter of notification from the LHDNM to the Immigration Department when applying for a professional visit pass. The sponsor should make a written application to the LHDNM providing personal details of the temporary visitor and also submit a copy of the contract / offer letter or other relevant documents. The application for the letter of notification has to be made to: Director, Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia, Non-Resident Branch, Unit 11 (NR/IV),10th 11th Floor, Block 11, Government Office Complex, Jalan Duta, 50600 Kuala Lumpur . 16 IMPUTATION SYSTEM The income tax chargeable on a resident company is credited into a tax account which can be utilized to frank payment of dividends to shareholders. Income tax paid by a company is imputed to the shareholders by means of imputation credits attached to dividends. Where the franking of payment of dividends exceeds the tax credit available in the tax account, the deficit become s a debt due which is payable by the company upon requisition. The imputation system does not apply to a non-resident company and such companies are not subject to dividend franking. WHY MALAYSIA’S GOVERNMENT IMPOSE PROPERTY TAX ? MALAYSIA’ We take RPGT as one of property tax that government imposed in Malaysia . There are many reasons why RPGT is imposed . One of the more significant reasons why the government imposes this tax is to curb property speculation to avoid property bubbles forming . From time to time, the government may decide to increase or decrease RPGT to suit their agenda e. g. they could reduce RPGT to encourage investments (this actually happened between 1 April 2007 – 31 December 2009 where property transactions during this period were exempted from RPGT to spur investments) . The other obvious reason is that RPGT is a source of revenue for the government to develop the nation . WHO PAY THE PROPERTY TAX 1) Resident in Malaysia 2) Non-Resident who live in Malaysia and have assets 3) Companies that operating in Malaysia 17 TREND OF PROPERTY TAX IN MALAYSIA Diagram below shows the trends of the property tax in Malaysia from 1974 up to 2012 . Due to amendment that are made in the budget 2013, there are changes that are happening in the RPGT rate where there is an increase in the amounts of tax eing imposed . This changes that are made are due to the facts to reduce the factor of speculation that are making the price of land and houses to increase rapidly . 18 IMPACTS OF RPGT According to property consultant and analysts, the hike increase of Real Property Gains Tax (RPGT) in the budget 2013 will have very little impact . The increase of RPGT from 10% to 15% will barely give any impacts on the speculation even though the reason for the increase of tax are f or the purpose of solving speculation on houses . Reason as to why there barely any impact or little impact from the increase on RPGT tax rate are due to the facts that, the time taken for houses to be completed upon buying are 2 to 3 years and when the house are finish and ready to be live in or sold, its already 4 or 5 years and the rate of RPGT tax are already little as the periods of RPGT tax covers are only up to 6 years maximize . Taking that into consideration plus the fact that the price of houses are keep on rising, the impact that RPGT are very little . CONCLUSION The property tax in Malaysia can be consider as in the testing period as it just currently being reimposed . Which means that, the current rate of RPGT will change in the near future due to the rising trends of property in Malaysia especially in the housing sectors . The RPGT tax rate can be consider as a tool to reduce speculation of property in the short run,where as, in the long run the impacts that it will have is going to be very little . 19 REFERENCE 1. http://www. ipbre. com/countryProfile/Malaysia/Taxes/ 2. https://docs. google. com/viewer? a=vq=cache:Dj8b9BrRMAIJ:www. harteredaccountants. com. my/resources_assessment. pdf+hl=engl=mypid=blsrci d=ADGEESh8gp__2jEbPCrYONnp3AqFbAij_CBwdwbrQy0Re1bdAGCyoE oeKD7wS88c5AVLJLyDrzOuoYBPANEFQ3XpK5lBTfXQpXTfuDkNuwpD i_r2aMZxYDY0cBbZfKHS5o15HuPCjosig=AHIEtbRFB6TA8WHt5oQfy w1Y-pQs3k0smw 3. http://www. iproperty. com. my/news/5061/real-property-gains-tax-rpgt-the-propertyowner 4. http://savemoney. my/real-property-gains-tax-in-malaysia/ 5. www. iproperty. com. my/news/4258/real-property-gains-tax-gradual-impact 6. thestar. com. my/news/story. asp? file=/2012/9/29/budget/12101379sec=budget 20 APPENDIX 21 22 23

Nutrition Challenges in UAE

This paper gives a summary of the findings of five articles carried out in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), relating to various health challenges.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrition Challenges in UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first article involves a study conducted by Laleye et al. (2011) which assessed the intake of vitamin D and vitamin A by female students at the UAE University, based on self reported dietary and selected fortified food consumption. According to a study conducted in the Eastern Mediterranean region by WHO in 2003, vitamin A and D deficiencies are public health problems affecting populations in several countries of the region. Data was acquired through a semi quarantine questionnaire. The questionnaire prepared sought to collect data related to dietary habits, food consumption patterns, consumption of vitamin A and D fortified foods, fortified milk and oil, and other selected fortified foods available in UAE grocery stores. The study took nine months, and three hundred and thirty four Emirati female students aged between 19-23 years took part in the study. Each participant was surveyed three times during the 9-month period, and the average data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). A pilot study involving 20 volunteers was conducted before carrying out the full study in order to validate the questionnaires. The study found out that female students at UAE University showed an estimated 37% insufficiency of vitamin D based on self recorded food records over a 9-month period. In addition, the study revealed that 30% of the female student population showed vitamin A insufficiency. The study was in agreement with World Health Organization’s (WHO) results collected in 2003, which indicated vitamin D deficiency is a public health problem amongst the population in the Middle East, including the UAE. The study found out that th ere is a significant low amount of vitamins A and D in Emirati and fortified food consumed by female students at the UAE University.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some samples were over fortified or under fortified. Others had false information. The researchers recommended that a large national food consumer study should be conducted to gather more information. The study methodology and findings of this study appear reliable. Although the sample size was small, it was able to reflect the target population. The second article involves a study conducted by Al-Haddad, Little and Ghafoor (2005) which assessed the national prevalence of obesity among school children in the UAE. The researchers randomly selected 16 391 participants from 145 492 pupils in the UAE. The methodology employed involved the measurement of height and weight of the participants by physicians or qualified nu rses. The data collected was used to compute the body mass index (BMI). The researchers analyzed BMIs from this study by comparing them with recent international standards. Data were analyzed using SAS software. The study found out that the frequency of UAE children that were overweight and obese varied across the age group studied. Before 9 years of age, males and females were below the Cole et al. international standards for weight and obesity. A consistent increase in overweight and obesity occurred among both males and females from the age of 9 to 18. In UAE males, the overweight and obesity frequency increased from 16.4% to over 29% between the ages of 9 and 18. In females, the frequency stood at 22.8% at the age of 10 and more than 27% at the age of 18. The study found out that obesity occurred 1.8 fold more frequently in 10 year old UAE children than their agemates internationally. In addition, the study indicated that most of the obesity experienced in adolescents, begins in childhood. They recommended that longitudinal studies should be conducted in the future to provide legitimate data. The researchers also advised the government to come up with strategic, preventative measures to identify overweight and obese children during preadolescence, and target them for intensive intervention.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrition Challenges in UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study methodology employed shows some degree of unreliability, putting their findings in question. However, the sample size used was big enough to provide generalization to the target population. In the third article, Zaal, Musaiger and Souza (2009, p. 437) aimed at â€Å"evaluating the association between the dietary habits and behavior factors with the increased risk of obesity amongst adolescents in Dubai†. The researchers employed a cross sectional study that involved 324 boys and 337 girls ag ed 12 to 17 years. Multistage stratified random sampling was employed to select the participants. The age of 14 reported the highest percentage of obesity in both boys and girls. In girls, the study found that obesity was significantly influenced by two factors; the frequency of eating breakfast and snacking between breakfast and lunch. The risk of developing obesity was high in both boys and girls who took breakfast at school. The risk of developing obesity due to taking fast foods was high in girls but not in boys. However, boys who took fast food from home had a higher risk. Data collection procedures appear unreliable. In addition, sample size was remarkably small thus; the findings cannot be generalized to the whole population in Abu Dhabi. The researchers recommended that â€Å"intervention programs on promoting changes in lifestyle, food habits and increasing physical activity need to be implemented a soon as possible† (Zaal, Musaiger Souza, p. 444). The fourth articl e illustrates a study by Al Hammadi, Maskari and Bernsen (2009) that investigated the prevalence of food allergy (FA) among children in Al-Ain City, UAE. The researchers first gave parents a questionnaire to fill, in order to assess the presence or absence of physical diagnosis of FA and other allergic diseases.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Multistage random sampling was then employed to select a sample of 397 children whose parents had filled the questionnaire. The study revealed that physician diagnosed FA stood at 8%. Eggs, fruits and fish appeared as the major causes of allergic reactions. In addition, family history, history of other atopic diseases and small sibship size influenced the possibility of having FA. The data collection method employed appears reliable. However, the sample size was extremely small. Despite the sample size being small, the results permitted generalization to the target population. In the final article, Hajat, Harrison and Siksek (2011) sought to determine the cardiovascular risk factor prevalence rates among adults in Abu Dhabi. Self reported indicators, anthropometric measures and blood tests were used to collect data regarding the risks under investigation in 50138 individuals aged 18 years and above. The study revealed the following risk factors together with their associated degrees of influence(Hajat, Harrison Siksek, 2011): obesity; 35%, overweight; 32%, central obesity; 55%, diabetes 18%; prediabetes, 27%; dyslipidemia; 44% and hypertension; 23.1%. The researchers argued there is a cardiovascular burden on Abu Dhabi. They suggested that programs need to be devised and implemented to address this challenge. The methodology employed appears reliable. However, data collection might have been compromised. The sample size appears big enough to make a generalizable conclusion. References Al-Haddad, F., Little, B. and Ghafoor, A. (2005). Childhood Obesiy in UAE School children: A national Study. Annals of Human Biology, 32(1), 72-79. Al-Hammadi, S., Al-Maskari, F. and Bernsen, R. (2009). Preverlence of Food Allergy Among Children in Al-Ain City, UAE. International Archive of Allergy and Immunology, 151, 336-342. Hajat, C., Harrison, O. and Siksek, Z. (2011). Weqaya: A Population Wide Cardiovascular Screening Program in Abu Dhabi, UAE. American Journal of Public H ealth, 10(20), e1-e6. Laleye, L.et al. (2011). Assessment of Vitamin D and Vitamin A Intake by Female Students at the United Arab Emirates University Based on Self Reported Dietary and Selected Fortified Food Comsumption. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 62(4), 370-376. Zaal, A. Musaiger, O., and Souza, R. (2009). Diatary Habits Associated with Obesity among Adolescents in Dubai, UAE. Nutricion Hosptalaria, 24(4), 437-444. This essay on Nutrition Challenges in UAE was written and submitted by user Alani Shepherd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.